(13)    Revenue

Revenue Components and Performance Obligations

Subscription Services

The Company offers subscriptions that provide customers access to a broad-based spectrum of learning options including access to cloud-based learning content and individualized coaching. The Company’s cloud-based subscription solutions normally do not provide customers with the right to take possession of the software supporting the platform or to download course content without continuing to incur fees for hosting services and, as a result, are accounted for as service arrangements. Access to the platform and course content represents a series of distinct services as the Company continually provides access to, and fulfills its obligation to, the end customer over the subscription term. The series of distinct services represents a single performance obligation that is satisfied over time. Accordingly, the fixed consideration related to subscription revenue is usually recognized on a straight-line basis over the contract term, beginning on the date that the service is made available to the customer. The Company’s subscription contracts typically vary from one year to three years. The Company’s cloud-based solutions arrangements are mostly non-cancellable, non-refundable, and are invoiced in advance of the subscription services being provided.

Virtual, On-Demand and Classroom

The Company’s virtual, on-demand and classroom training provides customers with technical training. Revenue is recognized in the period in which the services are performed. Billing is in advance of the services being provided or immediately after the services have been provided.

Professional Services

The Company also sells professional services related to its cloud solutions which are typically considered distinct performance obligations and are recognized over time as services are performed. For fixed-price contracts, revenue is recognized based on the actual service provided to the end of the reporting period as a proportion of the total services to be provided (proportional performance method). These services usually consist of implementation, integration, and general consulting. Mostly, the Company’s professional service engagements are short in duration. Billing is commonly in advance of the services being provided.

Disaggregated Revenue and Geography Information

The following is a summary of revenues by type for the three and nine months ended October 31, 2023 and October 31, 2022 (in thousands):

Other than the United States, no single country accounted for more than 10% of revenue for all periods presented.

Deferred Revenue

Deferred revenue activity for the nine months ended October 31, 2023 was as follows (in thousands):

Deferred revenue performance obligations relate predominantly to time-based SaaS and subscription services that are billed in advance of services being rendered.

Deferred Contract Acquisition Costs

Deferred contract acquisition cost activity for the nine months ended October 31, 2023 was as follows (in thousands):